Sound Bite
Africans won a solitary, shocking, glorious victory at Adwa (Ethiopia) in the 19th-century 'Scramble for Africa,' when the Europeans were carving up an entire continent for exploitation. The most celebrated military operation involving the Africans and the Europeans since the time of Hannibal, this emblematic victory still resounds in the minds of Africans and the African diaspora as a promise of potential and an illustration of the dictum, 'strength in unity.' The limited success of that event, stunning as it was, left seeds for the current conflicts involving Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and their neighbors, conflicts that again are fed, if not forced upon them, by outside, neocolonial powers: the French in Chad, the Chinese in the Sudan, and the United States somewhere behind the curtain...
About the Author
Paulos Milkias, editor, has been Professor of Humanities and Political Science at Marianopolis College/Concordia University in Montreal Canada starting in 1986. He earned his Ph.D. from McGill University. He has published two books with Algora Publishing, and several other books mostly focusing on Ethiopia. He is Editor of North-East-African Studies (Michigan State University), and Horn of Africa, (Rutgers University). As well, he is Contributing Editor of World Education Encyclopedia, (Facts on File Publications, 1988) and a lead author for Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, (University of Hamburg 2005). Dr. Milkias has published over 100 articles, many of which have appeared in peer reviewed and prestigious scholarly journals. Getachew Metaferia, co-editor, teaches political science and coordinates the graduate program in International Studies at Morgan State University. Dr. Getachew Metaferia is associated with the Political Leadership Institute at Morgan State University, which, in collaboration with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), provides leadership training. His publications include a book on the exodus of Ethiopia’s educated classes and numerous scholarly articles and book chapters. He received his department’s "Distinguished Service" award in 2005. Dr. Metaferia was also a recipient of Fulbright-Hayes awards and was assigned to Myanmar and Thailand (2002), and China (2004). Among the book's contributors, Richard Pankhurst has published 36 books and more than 400 scholarly articles. His seminal works, The Economic History of Ethiopia, Cambridge University Press, 1976, and The Ethiopians: a History, Oxford University Press, 2001, are classics in the field. He was awarded the prestigious title of Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his contribution to Ethiopian studies in 2004. Zewde Gabra-Selassie, Dejazmach, served as Governor and Mayor of the capital city of Addis Ababa, Minister of Public Works, and in other leadership positions during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia. As well as being decorated by the Emperor, he is a recipient among others of the GC of the Orders of Phoenix of Greece (1959) and Cdr. of the Orders of St Olav of Norway (1956). Dr. Dejazmach Zewde is also a distinguished African historian and is the author of many works including Yohannes IV - Political Biography, Oxford University Press – 1975; and Eritrea–Ethiopia, In the context of the Red Sea and Africa, Washington D.C, Smithsonian Institute, 1976. Negussay Ayele, a former Ethiopian Ambassador to Scandinavia, is Professor of Political Science and International Relations. A cofounder of the African Association of Political Science, he has been awarded Fulbright, Ford, and Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung Fellowships. His recent books include Ethiopia and the United States: The Seasons of Courtship and In Search of the DNA of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Problem. He teaches for the Bunche Center for African-American Studies and for the Honors Collegium at the University of California in Los Angeles. Harold Marcus was Distinguished Professor of History at Michigan State University. He was the founding editor of the refereed journal Northeast African Studies; he is perhaps best known for his biographies of Emperors Menelik II and Haile Selassie I, and his textbook History of Ethiopia [Oxford University Press]. He also authored numerous articles dealing with Ethiopia, and edited several monographs. Theodore M. Vestal is professor of political science and international studies at Oklahoma State University. He holds degrees from Yale Law School, Harvard, and Stanford University. In 2005, Professor Vestal was Hiob Ludolf Endowed Professor in Contemporary Ethiopian Affairs at the University of Hamburg in Germany. His books include Ethiopia: A Post Cold War African State, Praeger, 1999. Maimire Mennasemay teaches in the humanities/philosophy department of Dawson College, Montreal, Canada and is a fellow of the Center for Developing-Area Studies (CDAS) of McGill University. Dr. Mennasemay has published many scholarly works and is currently a member of the editorial board of Labor, Capital and Society published by CDAS, McGill Universtiy, Montreal, Canada, Horn of Africa Journal, Rutgers University, and the International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Hollywood, CA. Mesfin Araya is Associate Professor of African Studies at York College/ City University of New York, where he is Head of African-American Studies. He has produced numerous scholarly works on Ethiopia and Eritrea, from a political science perspective; his next book analyzes Eritrean nationalism.
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About the Book
Ethiopia's warriors earned an outstanding reputation over a hundred years ago. In the 19th-century “Scramble for Africa,” when the Europeans carved up an entire continent for exploitation, Africans won a solitary, shocking, glorious...
Ethiopia's warriors earned an outstanding reputation over a hundred years ago. In the 19th-century “Scramble for Africa,” when the Europeans carved up an entire continent for exploitation, Africans won a solitary, shocking, glorious victory at Adwa (Ethiopia). The most celebrated military operation involving the Africans and the Europeans since the time of Hannibal, this emblematic victory still resounds in the minds of Africans and the African diaspora as promise of potential and an illustration of the dictum, “strength in unity.”Nine scholars analyze the unique Ethiopian victory at Adwa, pondering the factors that brought success, the putative missed opportunities for securing the future integrity of the Ethiopian territory, and the lessons to be learned.Rising above their regional rivalries and local concerns, all facets of this multi-ethnic society pulled together to defeat the Italian invaders who were armed with vastly more sophisticated technology and had the support of all of Europe.For the victors it was decisive; for the vanquished, catastrophic. The Italian colonialist soldiers were crushed. Their casualty figure was 70%; all their artillery pieces were captured, one out of four of their generals was taken prisoner and two of the remaining as well as almost half of their staff officers were killed on the battlefield.The event and its implications have much to say about Ethiopia’s subsequent development, the secession of Eritrea, and relations with external powers. It also reveals much about the machinations of global powers and the dangers they pose to weaker nations, and most specifically international influence in Africa.The Ethiopian victory at the Battle of Adwa has remained a very important event in the shared recollection of the entire African people. It is the only secular episode in the whole history of Africa that has been celebrated for more than a century with unabated popular enthusiasm.A phenomenon such as Adwa is a complex nexus of various historical processes with wide ranging but as yet not fully explored meanings. The contributors to this collection show that Adwa does not only reflect its time, but that it also transcends it, and that the aspirations and meanings that flow from it have been a powerful constitutive force in the rise and evolution of modern Africa. Indeed, it is an event that awakened the hope for emancipation and the struggle against colonialism and racism among Africans in the colonies and in the Diaspora.
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More Information
Excerpt [G]roup identities are always contested. However, the current trend is towards accommodation and union and not to engender disintegration. For example, if we look at European history, with the religious and political wars leading to the formation of nation-states, currently they are moving toward a larger union. In addition, in the case of African Americans who despite their separate identity rooted in the history of slavery, lynching, and racism, they have not espoused...
Excerpt [G]roup identities are always contested. However, the current trend is towards accommodation and union and not to engender disintegration. For example, if we look at European history, with the religious and political wars leading to the formation of nation-states, currently they are moving toward a larger union. In addition, in the case of African Americans who despite their separate identity rooted in the history of slavery, lynching, and racism, they have not espoused separatism. Back in Africa, look at the social disintegration of Somalia, whose people possess a common religious and linguistic identity ' a rare phenomenon in the entire continent of Africa. Look at the checkered history of Eritrea itself, which was once an Italian colony, an autonomous region of Ethiopia and currently a new nation state. Those who perceive the politics of nationalism/ethno-nationalism as a fixed, permanent phenomenon need to think twice. Viewing the politics of nationalism/ethno-nationalism in terms of experiences of relationships has profound and radical implications. When it comes to the politics of nationalism/ ethno-nationalism, nothing is historically given; separatism is not inevitable, nor is the act of separation is a fixed, permanent phenomenon. ' Chapter 8. Contemporary Ethiopia in the Context of the Battle of Adwa, 1896 Mesfin Araya Ph.D., Professor of Political Science York College, City University of New York
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Dec. 2006 CHOICE
The Battle of Adwa in 1896 has attained mythic proportions among Africans and the diaspora, as it was the only time during the European conquest that an African country defeated a European colonial power. Ethiopia affirmed its independence and negated the notion of European invincibility with a decisive defeat of Italian forces. This anthology by Ethiopianists delves into the diplomatic, historical, cultural, and political dimensions of the battle and its implications for Ethiopia in particular and Africa in general. They look at the internal and external conditions that contributed to the source of the clash and the factors in the Ethiopian success. Of particular note are the extension of Adwa to the present time and its role in the creation of pan-Africanism and "Ethiopianism" (independence). The pieces are of varying quality, but two that stand out are Negussay Ayele's contribution comparing Ethiopian and European behavior and Getachew Metaferia on pan-Africanism. The only other volume on Adwa is editors Abdussamad Ahmad and Richard Pankhurst's Adwa Victory Centenary Conference (1998). The individual selections are well documented, but a more extensive bibliography and index would have been useful. Summing Up: Recommended. All academic levels/libraries.
T. Natsoulas, Emeritus, University of Toledo
Horn of Africa Journal, Rutgers University | More »
Horn of Africa Journal, Rutgers University
The Battle of Adwa in 1896 is considered one of the most important events in modern African history. Its significance has been studied by numerous scholars most often in response to Italy’s failed attempt to secure Ethiopia as a protectorate. The Battle of Adwa counters the prevailing interpretation revealing that this limited framework minimizes the true significance of the battle and its role in world history. Editors Paulos Mikias and Getachew Metaferia argue, that a phenomenon such as Adwa is a complex nexus of various historical processes with wide-ranging but as yet not fully explored meanings. Their work, featuring an introduction, prologue, and nine solid chapters, dissects Adwa as a social, political, national, religious, and military event broadening its scope to begin a new evaluation of this African victory. The prologue indicates how this story affects the past, present and future. It places Ethiopia’s origins in ancient history and the Bible. The editors link each of the historical ancient Ethiopia, including the Axumite Empire of Ezana, the Christian state of Zagwe, and the Solomonian Empire that traces its lineage from King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, to the emerging modern nation. This approach solidifies both context and contacts within world history. By focusing on the vastness of the territory that will become modern Ethiopia, they establish that these were people of different ethnic and religious affiliations that were still in the process of unification at the time of the victory at Adwa. Emperors Tewodros II and Yohannes IV are central to the rise of Menelik II who will become the nation’s ruler shortly before the war with Italy. Both Tewodros, who ruled from 1855 to 1872, and Yohannes, who ruled from Tewodros’ death to 1889, were frequently engaged in military conflicts with regional rivals and European forces. Each died in battles that were influenced by European powers. Menelik, Yohannes’ successor, was a beneficiary of those conflicts. His ambitions to become emperor encouraged him to challenge the authority of both men by withholding allegiances and entertaining overtures from British and Italian envoys to gain their support. The Italians, who like the British and French, sought a colonial empire in the Horn of Africa approached King Menelik during Yohannes reign. Before the emperor’s death, Count Pietro Antonelli and Menelik agreed in principle to a document that would become the Treaty of Wuchalé. The document had numerous points, with the most important being the debated section authorizing Italy to be Ethiopia’s agent in the European world. Essentially, this made Ethiopia an Italian protectorate. Emperor Menelik signed both an Italian and Amharic version of this treaty in 1889. Theodore Vestal builds the case for the Battle of Adwa by recalling Italy’s involvement in Ethiopia in Chapter One: “Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today.” He suggests that the Italians underestimated Ethiopia’s rulers and European support for the treaty. In fact, Vestal sees Italy’s missteps as the cause for the war. While Italy’s colonization of Eritrea was minimally accepted, the expansion of the Italian role within local Ethiopian affairs was not. Military actions “fuelled the anger of the Ethiopian masses and leaders alike, who viewed the invasion as a threat to their nation's sovereignty." (26) The forthcoming war can be seen as the foundation for true nationalism and the advent of the modern Ethiopian state. While the Berlin Conference establishes policies for non-military action between European parties in their quest for colonial empires, Vestal shows that it did not constitute uniform support for each nation's colonial desires. In 1892, he hints that Britain supported Italy in Ethiopia more to keep France out of the region rather than to support Italian imperialism and national development. Additionally, the flaws in the Treaty of Wuchale" were known before the war and it also raised the concerns of European competitors. The Russians, for example, denounced the treaty in 1894, and shortly afterwards Tsar Nicholas sent the Ethiopians rifles and ammunition. Yet the key point in the chapter was, not only did the military victory humiliate the Italians, it countered Italian comments that the Ethiopians were barbarians. Ethiopia went to great lengths to be fair in a difficult situation. Before the war, Menelik repaid the loans provided by the treaty, and afterwards allowed the Italians safe passage out of Ethiopia. Further, Vestal argues that Menelik wanted peace and did not pursue the Italians and allowed them to remain in Eritrea. While installing national pride and unity, Menelik's victory did have a price. His failure to remove the Italians from Eritrea became one of the nation's greatest problems. It set the tone for the hostile relationships between the two regions which most see as part of Ethiopia. Similar themes are echoed in the next chapter, "The Battle of Adwa: The Historic Victory of Ethiopia over European Colonialism." In examining Italy's interests in African colonization, Paulos Milkias notes the similarities in the development of the two countries during the nineteenth century. However, he makes the obvious point that Italy used colonization as part of its unification process. This chapter does an excellent job of analyzing the famed Treaty of Wuchalé and how it led to the Italian-Ethiopian war. Milkias places the conflict within cultural values as well as diplomatic ones. The deception in paragraph XIX of the treaty, which has a different meaning in Italian than it does in Amharic, illustrates the immorality of the Italians. Not only did Count Antonelli betray Menelik’s trust, the entire affair reveals the alleged superiority that the Italians believed they had over their African allies. This racial superiority is compounded as Menelik discovers that many of the European nations, including England and Germany, honored the treaty despite being made aware of its improper wording. Menelik had no choice but to dissolve the treaty in February 1893. In the process he and Empress Taytu forced Count Antonelli to reveal his attempt to deceive the Ethiopian ruler. While the Ethiopians pressed for peace, they also prepared for war. The Italians offered another treaty on January 18, 1896. However, this was a more stringent one with the cession of Tigray and more formal protectorate status. Again, the Ethiopians refused. When the war began, it was solely because the Italians had to save national pride and its place in the European community. Milkias offers pages of details about the battle and the resolve of the Ethiopians to save their homeland. Some 20,000 of the Ethiopian 90,000 troops fought without guns, yet they defeated a superior European army causing a loss of nearly 70% of its troops. Ethiopian women, led by Empress Taytu also played a role in the battle. The women provided water and medical care to the troops, and Taytu led her own forces in the course of the fighting. In conclusion, Milkias posits that the battle of Adwa is important because it was "a victory for the underdog, a victory for right over wrong."(37) He wrote: "they decisively defeated an invading European army and forced the architects of the Berlin Conference (who had carved up Africa among themselves, like a birthday cake) to formally acknowledge the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia. (88) Furthermore, it was both the "birth and culmination of the struggle for freedom of the peoples of the Third World sending out the message for self respecting human beings, it is infinitely better to die on one's feet than to live on one's knees." (88) Chapter Three, Dejazmach Zewde Gabre-Selassie's "Continuity and Discontinuity in Menelik's Foreign Policy," "[discusses] a new foundation by critically examining Menelik's entanglements with local rulers including Emperor Yohannes and Europeans, especially the Italians.Menelik emerges skillful and lucky in his endeavors. Following his coronation, Menelik continues the pattern of secret diplomacy, but does so with both local rulers and European powers. The chapter gives additional credit to Empress Taytu who plays a role in these diplomatic missions. The treaty changes the course of these actions, forcing Menelik to appeal more to Ethiopia's local rulers. Menelik's ultimate victories over the Italians rests on his ability to get these rulers who were interested in gaining their own power to turn against foreign interests and stand solely with him. This coalition wins two key victories leading to Adwa. At Adwa, the victory not only creates the ideology for Ethiopian independence, but for Ethiopian nationalism. The great victory also ignites the "scar of Adwa" that will haunt Italy for four decades. Harold Marcus' essay returns to the questions of racial discourse that are an integral part of the volume. It is a short but influential piece.His focus explores a sampling of European writings. The sources indicate differences in religion, skin color, and intelligence. While many found the Ethiopians lacking in cultural values, it is important to note that after the battle, impressions of the Ethiopians had a marked improvement. Yet, Marcus concludes, "even in its hour of greatest triumph, Ethiopia was not afforded full equality." (237) Chapter Four, "Adwa 1896: Who Was Civilized And Who Was Savage?" by Negussay Ayele continues to explore the concept of European racism found in the first two chapters. Ayele examines racism used to justify colonization, the war with Ethiopia, and continued European resentment of Africans after Adwa. It places Adwa at the end of centuries of European and African struggles as it serves as a turning point in these confrontations. While viewing many of the issues considered in the first two chapters, it adds useful and needed details to enhance the immorality of the Italians and the Treaty of Wuchalé. Ayele provides the treaty's twenty provisions and carefully scrutinizes the flaws and controversial points in the document. He also covers the magnanimity of Menelik following the war to show that the Ethiopians were the civilized party in this defining chapter of African history. Getachew Metaferia's essay comprises chapter five. "Ethiopia: A Bulwark Against European Colonialism and its Role in the Pan-African Movement," places Ethiopia in the center of Pan-Africanism that emerges in the late nineteenth century. He convincingly argues the connections between Ethiopia and numerous political movements in modern history. His work examines the historical images of Ethiopia, the growth of Pan-African movements throughout the Diaspora, Ethiopia's ties to socio-political and religious movements, and current prospects of Ethiopianism. In many respects, this is the best chapter of the work as it offers rich examples that are hard to refute. Metaferia illustrates how Menelik became a role model for those in the Diaspora. He sparked the first legitimate invitation for Disaporans to come back home (to Africa). This connection enamored blacks to support Ethiopia when Mussolini attacked it during World War II, and led to the enthusiastic support of Haile Selassie during and after the war. Selassie, too, invited those in the Diaspora to return to Africa and was a spiritual champion for African independence. Additionally, Selassie convened the Pan African conference in 1958 and founded the Organization of African Unity in 1963. In Chapter Six, Richard Pankhurst uses the Times of London to gauge European reaction to the Battle of Adwa. "British Reactions to The Battle of Adwa; as Illustrated by the Times of London for 1896, is another examination of the persistence of European racism and concepts of superiority to justify colonial designs. Pankhurst introduces the material by focusing on a 1895 Times article suggesting that the French were secretly willing to support the Ethiopians over the Italians. Though the alleged pact was denounced by the Paris Temps, the Times acknowledged that while the French were not happy with Italy as a rival, they would not side with an African nation over an European one. However, once the war began, the attitude towards the Italians began to waver. The trickery of the treaty was noted, but Italy was still favored qualified only by a criticism of Italian tactical mistakes. (223) Meneli's honorable actions earned the Ethiopians a distinction between itself and other African nations. (222) In such a light, the paper admitted Ethiopia was a civilized power both in her methods of warfare and in her diplomacy.(223) Pankhurst stresses that the British periodical was concerned with the actions of other European nations to protect its nation's investment in Africa. It was fearful of French involvement throughout the continent and Russian support for the Ethiopians. Yet, when the Italians published a Green Book that blamed its failure on the lack of support from the British, the Times had to respond. Pankhurst concludes that the British paper insisted that it was loyal to the Italians as the two countries were related by common interests too deep and solid to be affected by petty questions in remote parts of Africa." (227) Such a statement, he concluded, revealed the true motives of the paper and British government. "Contemporary Ethiopia in the Context of the Battle of Adwa, 1896," is the title of Chapter Eight. In this section, Mesfin Araya posits "Adwa represents a bold critique on the current ethnic politics in Ethiopia" and "Adwa has its own contradictions which still plague Ethiopia; contradictions whose resolution is also contained in Adwa itself."(240) At the heart of this chapter is the spirit of Adwa to sustain the Ethiopians during the Italian occupation of World War II, the role of the ruling class to unify during Adwa leading to both national and class unity, and Menelik's failure to pursue the Italians into Eritrea and eventually attempt to unify this section with the rest of the nation. Araya argues that the Ethiopians did not compliment the "military Adwa" with the "intellectual Adwa."(225) As a result, the nation evolved into a socialist government that continues to maintain a stranglehold on its true development. According to Araya, the nation failed to apprehend its realities in ways that identify the real aspirations and "possibilities embedded in their life circumstances." (225) This concept blends nicely into Chapter Nine: "Ethiopian History and Critical Theory: The Case of Adwa." Maimire Mennasemay's ideological essay serves as a fitting conclusion. He begins by challenging the idea that the uniqueness of Adwa lies not in the defeat of a European power by an African country, but in the fact that Adwa is, to use Alain Badiou's term, "a Truth-Event," a singular event that exceeds the circumstances out of which it emerges such that what appears impossible becomes real, giving rise to radically new political problems. 253) This approach considers collective memory and critical theory to fully understand Adwa. He urges readers to look beyond Eurocentric analysis of events, especially Marxist models. In many ways he is contesting the current state of Ethiopia as well as the European context for Adwa. Instead he suggests that Adwa is an unfinished battle tied to the quest for national unity and freedom and equality. Milkias and Metaferia have compiled an impressive volume. It is filled with important information and makes for a great read. Many of the chapters read as if they were written solely for this collection and at points it flows easily from one selection to the next. The strength of the collection rests in its ability to visualize the multiple meanings of Adwa. As highlighted in chapter nine, Adwa is an internal and external event. Adwa elevated Menelik and Taytu into national heroes and world icons. The treaty illustrated how Europeans underestimated the intelligence and global awareness of African peoples. It changed the course of Ethiopian history because it stemmed the flow of European colonization, and gave birth to the world's only true independent black nation. For generations of Africans born after 1896, on the continent and throughout the Diaspora, this battle represents the spiritual victory of black people over the forces of evil. It gave hope to the generation of those fighting against colonialism and for freedom in Africa, in the Caribbean, and the rest of the Third World. Adwa set the stage for the New Negro, Negritude, Pan African, and Black Power movements. And in many respects, the spirit of Adwa contributed to the success of the American Civil Rights Movement.
Dr. Leslie Wilson, Professor of History Montclair State University
The Journal of African History, Cambridge University, Volume 48 , Issue 02 (13 Jul 2007) | More »
The Journal of African History, Cambridge University, Volume 48 , Issue 02 (13 Jul 2007)
Is the successful military resistance to European colonialism in late nineteenth-century Ethiopia still significant today? Key Words: Ethiopia; military; politics/political; resistance The present book is meant ‘not for Africanist pundits but for the casual reader’ (p. 15). Indeed, this book is essentially a collection of ‘reflections’ and interpretations of the significance of Adwa for the divisive present politics of Ethiopia. As such, it makes an important contribution to that issue…. The book begins with an elaborate preliminary apparatus, including a Preface, Summary, Introduction and Prologue. Chapter 1 by the political scientist, Theodore Vestal, a leading critic of the post-Mengistu era after 1991, really summarizes the perspective of the book itself: ‘Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today’. The significance is that a ‘unified Greater Ethiopia’ (p. 21) made possible the defeat of Italy and that the country needs to be reunified today. Chapter 2 by Paulos Milkias provides an overview of Italian imperial desires, the diplomacy leading to the battle – including the infamous Article 17 of the Treaty of Wechale – and a description of the battle itself. The chapter includes several pages of analysis as to why Menilek did not attempt to end the Italian occupation of Eritrea after his victory, but concludes all the reasons given ‘cannot justify’ Menilek's failure to advance against Eritrea (p. 74). Carrying his reflections up to the present, Milkias argues that Emperor Hayla Sellase's attempted federation with Eritrea in the 1950s cannot be interpreted as colonialism, and that the 1993 independence of Eritrea that ‘artificially divided brotherly peoples’ (p. 74) may eventually be reversed. Chapter 3 by Zewde Gabre-Selassie, the distinguished scholar, diplomat and descendant of Emperor Yohannes (r. 1872–89), analyzes the diplomatic background to the conflict. …The author's life-long effort to highlight the significance of his ancestor's effort to defend Ethiopia is important....In contrast, Chapter 4 by Negussay Ayele is critical of Yohannes for not following through on his threatened attack on Italian forces slowly advancing up the escarpment from Massawa, particularly in the 1888 confrontation at Sahati (pp. 141–2). The main point of this chapter is made exceedingly clear in the author's answer to the question, ‘Adwa 1896: Who was Civilized and Who was Savage?’ And the author is adamant in his assertion that the legacy of Adwa should be celebrated by ‘all Ethiopians qua Ethiopians’ (p. 179), and not parceled out among various ethnic groups. The intent of Chapter 5 by Getachew Metafaria is clear: Ethiopia's history is ancient and the country has served as a stimulus for Pan-African unity for at least the past century, since the victory of Adwa. Thus the aim of the present minority ruling Ethiopia – to create the ‘ethnicization and fragmentation of the country along ethnic lines’ – is a serious mistake that he hopes will be seen as ‘an aberration and will be short lived’ (p. 215). The following two chapters are very short and to the point by the standards of this book. Richard Pankhurst analyzes the British view of Italy's defeat as seen in The Times of London, effectively showing British support for Italy before the war and sympathy after their defeat. Chapter 7, by the late Harold Marcus, is a very interesting statement whose themes and sources were a fascinating account of the mixture of positive, negative and half-positive views of Ethiopia held by a variety of European travelers and missionaries to the country, most of whom ‘regarded Ethiopia as a country half-way between savagery and civilization’ (p. 237). The focus of Chapter 8 by Mesfin Araya brings forth the most explicit statement of the purpose of the book as a whole: ‘The current divisive politics of ethnicity is indeed largely the making of Ethiopia's contemporary political elites whose self-reference seems alien to the spirit of Adwa’ (p. 242). In the end, Mesfin sees the only hope for better relations between contemporary Ethiopia and Eritrea to lie in the gradual democratization of each country and in the need ‘to invoke the moral fiber that spawned the remarkable triumph at Adwa’ (p. 252). The final chapter by Maimire Mennasemay – ‘Ethiopian History and Critical Theory: The Case of Adwa’ – is the most innovative in the book. He calls for a thorough-going self-analysis of Ethiopian society by Ethiopians for the purpose of overcoming the ‘internal and external adversities that keep them in bondage’ (p. 298). Judging from at least some of the chapters in this book, such a process is already well underway….This volume, one may hope… will help to lead to a rethinking of the problems and possible solutions to the Ethiopian–Eritrean, and indeed, Horn of Africa, conundrum.
JAMES QUIRIN, FISK UNIVERSITY
Book News
The historic victory of Ethiopia under Menelik over Italian invaders at the 1896 Battle of Adwa ended Italy's self-proclaimed "protectorate" over Ethiopia, even if the Italians remained in Eritrea. The nine chapters presented here by Milkias (humanities and political science, Marianopolis College/Concordia U., Canada) and Metaferia (political science and international studies, Morgan State U., US) explore the historical and present-day significance of this defeat for European colonialism. Topics include continuities and discontinuities in King Menelik's foreign policy, humanitarian considerations in the aftermath of the Wuchal'e Treaty negotiated between Ethiopia and Italy, the role of Ethiopia in the Pan-African movement, British colonial reactions to the Battle of Adwa, and the application of critical theory to the analysis of Adwa.
Aethiopica - International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies | More »
Aethiopica - International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies
The Battle of Adwa was central to the history of Ethiopia, as the country was the only African polity able to counteract and defeat European colonial imperialism, and there is little need to reiterate for readers of this journal the importance of this event, which has produced a body of literature reaching a peak after the one-hundred-year anniversary…The celebrations marked a turning point in mainstream Ethiopian historiography, by attributing both the beginning of the modern nation-building process and the power centred on the Amhara core-power to the great victory. The Tigrayan-led government, in power since 1991, fostered a revisionist interpretation, focusing on all-Ethiopian-peoples’ contributions to Adwa and stressing its pan-African importance. The Battle of Adwa is edited by two noted researchers such as Paulos Milkias and Getachew Metaferia, and is composed of nine chapters written by distinguished North America-based scholars of the Horn of Africa. The editorial introduction fulfils its aim of presenting the whole, while providing a summary of each individual chapter; it states that the volume is addressed to “casual readers”, and that it is meant to provide a comprehensive history of the battle and its repercussions to a wider audience than an exclusively scholarly reading public. To popularize Adwa is not the only aim of this collection. The thesis running through all the chapters links a re-examination of the forces that shaped modern Ethiopia in the past with the present and engages in a critique of the Ethiopian government's responses to the current domestic and regional political situation in the Horn of Africa." Theodore M. Vestal's chapter … concludes that the “Lessons from the Battle” to be learnt are the Italians were misled by cartography at Adwa, as the Eritreans were during the Ethio–Eritrean war in 1998. Vestal blames the Ethiopian government for having recovered the value of March 1st 1896 late. This tardy re-appropriation of Adwa as a symbol of Ethiopia's resistance to foreign aggression is also censured by Maimire Mennasemay in his sobering contribution. Chapter 2, by Paulos Milkias, continues to explore the links between the past and the present. Like other contributors of the volume, Milkias highlights the “Lessons of Adwa”: the Ethiopian magnanimity towards the defeated enemy, the importance of rallying together – in spite of ethnicity, class and nationality – in a demonstration of ‘Ethiopianness' that overcame the dangers of division, also including Eritrean highlanders. According to Paulos Milkias, the poisoned outcome of Adwa was the 30-year war leading to Eritrea's national independence, which had its historical roots in the unwillingness of Emperor Manilak to drive the Italians from the Red Sea coast. The author gives painstaking explanations of the reasons and speculations that prevented the Ethiopians from continuing the war. This is a theme to which the former Minister of Foreign Affairs in Hayla Sallase's government, Zewde Gebre-Selassie, returns in the final pages of chapter 3 – ‘Continuity and Discontinuity in Menelik's Foreign Policy. In chapter 5 Getachew Metaferia narrates the connection between Ethiopia and the Pan African Movement from the beginning of the 20th century to the present-day. He is the only contributor to this reviewed book to openly read the legacy of Adwa as a stimulus for visionary leaderships to strengthen the African Union. Richard Pankhurst's "British Reactions to the Battle of Adwa: as Illustrated by 'The Times of London for 1896' " is a careful and smart summary of British attitudes towards both Italy and Ethiopia. The late lamented Harold Marcus' revised version of an article reproduced in the Proceedings of the Adwa Victory Centenary Conference, is republished here. With inimitable and fine writing, the author exposes how ethnocentric and ignorant the European discourse about Africa and Ethiopia was. Concerning the latter what Marcus shows in a thought-provoking manner is how nuanced an inconsistent discourse and terminology were. One issue that recurrently appears in the book is the “humanity and civility at Adwa and thereafter”, as Negussay Ayele writes in chapter 4, eloquently entitled ‘Adwa 1896: Who was Civilized and Who Was Savage?'. Here, he turns the usual colonial stereotypes on their Ilea) and makes the point that the Christian values, principles and standards of behaviour which characterised the conduct of Ethiopian rulers had been disregarded by Italian colonialists…. Indeed, all the contributors of this volume stress the ability of Manilak to profit from international diplomacy and his political skill, in plain contrast to the current historiographic revisionism that portrays the Emperor as the leader of the so-called ‘Abyssinian colonalism.' Despite Ethiopia escaped from European imperialism, it suffers greatly – Negussay concludes — attributing to the divide and rule legacies colonialism both the 1990s loss of Eritrea and present-day ethnic regionalism. In this vein, Getachew Metaferia takes up the same theme when writes that the Ethiopian government "seems to downplay Ethiopia's past history” and argues strongly that this is a "negation of the Pan- African movement” and of the spirit of Adwa. Indeed, one of the most cogent passages of the reviewed hook is the criticism of the beliefs that roots of the present political problems — in Africa as in Ethiopia — lie in the nature of former colonial government. The authors suggest that these problems did originate in colonizing and being colonized and in the long-lasting imprint left on the subject, such as when Fascist Italy attempted to consolidate its occupation of Ethiopia by re-shaping the country along ethnic and regional lines between 1936 and 1941. Chapter 8, "Contemporary Ethiopia in the Context of the Battle of Adwa, 1896”, by Mesfin Araya develops the theme and takes it even further by stating that “Adwa represents a bold critique on the current ethnic politics in Ethiopia ... Adwa has its own contradictions which still plague Ethiopia”. The critique of both Ethiopian and Eritrean ruling classes is open and unequivocal, and it is linked to criticism revisionist historiographical narratives of the EPLF and TPLF. Maimire Mennasemay invokes a “historical awakening” in support of an emancipatory understanding, which he defines as 'The Absence of an ‘Intellectual Adwa’, arguing that Adwa is a battle not yet finished. Chapter 9 “Ethiopian History and Critical Theory: The Case of Adwa” is thus an attempt to push the question beyond the simple ‘external aspect' of that historical watershed. The author explores the cultural constructions and conceptualizations of the ‘internal' dimension of the Battle; he doesn't elaborate these questions with conventional historical scrutiny but rather by an analysis of the links between collective memory and emancipation. There is a useful section in this chapter that discusses the historical works written by those who interpret the Ethiopian past as colonial history. The reader is left to make his own conclusions with the aid of this final chapter. Overall, the contributors present a vision of contemporary Ethiopia that is neither hopeful nor unduly pessimistic. Their disapprobation of the existing government revolves around their concern that the institutionalization of the rights of ethno-cultural groups can be expected to do little more than solidify ethno-regional-based patterns of national politics. The Ethiopian society of today appears to them at a crossroads. The answer they offer is democratization. The volume includes a map, a glossary of Ethiopian titles and an appendix with the Amharic version of the Wacale Treaty.The volume includes a map, a glossary of Ethiopian titles and an appendix with the Amharic version of the Wacale Treaty. There are a number of textual errors regarding the spelling of Italian names suggestive of probably hasty word processor editing; the use of cross-referencing would have helped and reduced some repetition within and between chap¬ters. Regarding scholarly literature, the limited bibliography may disap¬point Horn of Africa specialists. Not only are the proceedings of the Adwa Victory Centenary Conference omitted but reference to the insightful over-views of new directions in Ethiopian historiography produced by a number of scholars, are also neglected. Similar considerations can be made for the literature regarding the Italian side, the side of those vanquished at Adwa. Throughout contemporary Africa the writing of history has been assigned a major role in establishing the oasis of citizenship and is part of the nation-building process. From an Africanist: historical perspective. the interest of this collection lies in a reading that plunges into ideological interpretations and represents one of the multiple political narratives within the Ethiopian cultural landscape.
Asia-Africa Institute, Universitaet Hamburg
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Pages 340
Year: 2005
LC Classification: DT387.3.B39
Dewey code: 963'.043'dc22
BISAC: HIS001510
BISAC: HIS027000
Soft Cover
ISBN: 978-0-87586-413-6
Price: USD 26.95
Hard Cover
ISBN: 978-0-87586-414-3
Price: USD 35.00
eBook
ISBN: 978-0-87586-415-0
Price: USD 26.95
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